March 9, 2026
The United States and Israel launched coordinated military operations against the Iranian regime on February 28, 2026. The action, focused on the regime's nuclear facilities, military infrastructure, and leadership, followed a conclusion reached in Washington and Jerusalem that diplomacy had been exhausted, and that a nuclear-armed Iran posed an unacceptable security threat to America, Israel and America’s Arab allies, and the world. Here is what you need to know.
What Happened?
U.S. President Donald Trump confirmed that the United States launched strikes against the Iranian regime, saying “the United States military began major combat operations in Iran” to “defend the American people by eliminating imminent threats from the Iranian regime,” and reiterating that Tehran “can never have a nuclear weapon.” The U.S. said the operation, called Epic Fury, was carried out alongside Israel’s campaign Roaring Lion, with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu saying Israel acted to remove “the existential threat posed by the terrorist regime in Iran” and thanking Trump for his “historic leadership.”
Iranian media reported explosions in Tehran and other sites tied to intelligence, defense, and nuclear programs.
What is AJC Saying?
American Jewish Committee stands with the United States and Israel as they undertake targeted military action to stop the Iranian regime’s global terror campaign. The world will be a safer place when the threat of the Iranian regime’s illicit nuclear and missile programs, along with Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, is dismantled once and for all. We hope today’s military action is a decisive step toward fulfilling that vital mission. Read the full AJC statement here.
How Has Iran Responded?
Iran has launched waves of ballistic missiles and drones at Israeli population centers and at Arab Gulf states that host U.S. forces, including Kuwait, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan. Israeli and regional officials say Iran has fired more than 180 ballistic missiles toward Israel, while hundreds of additional drones and missiles have targeted locations across the broader region since the conflict began.
Iranian strikes have targeted locations linked to U.S. forces, including facilities associated with the U.S. Fifth Fleet in Bahrain, as well as bases in Qatar, Kuwait, and Iraq. Explosions and air-defense interceptions have been reported across the region as incoming missiles and drones were engaged.
Iranian missile attacks have also caused significant civilian casualties in Israel. On March 10, an Iranian missile carrying a cluster warhead struck multiple sites across central Israel, killing two civilians in the city of Yehud as part of several missile barrages launched overnight targeting civilian areas south and east of Tel Aviv. Since the start of the conflict, 14 civilians have been killed in Israel and more than 2,000 Israelis wounded in Iranian missile attacks.
Iranian strikes and falling debris from interceptions have also caused casualties and damage across the Gulf. In the United Arab Emirates, debris and impacts damaged areas near Palm Jumeirah and the Burj Al Arab hotel, while fires broke out at Jebel Ali Port and explosions disrupted operations near Dubai International Airport. Elsewhere in the region, Iranian missiles and drones have damaged infrastructure near Manama in Bahrain, struck industrial and energy facilities in Saudi Arabia, and targeted port infrastructure in Oman, including facilities at the Port of Duqm. Explosions have also been reported near Erbil International Airport in Iraq, which hosts U.S. and coalition forces.
Across the region, reports indicate that around 30 people have been killed outside Israel since the war began, including six in the UAE, two in Saudi Arabia, one in Bahrain, one in Kuwait, one in Oman, and four in Syria, as Iranian missiles, drones, and falling debris have struck civilian areas and critical infrastructure.
Iranian attacks have increasingly targeted energy and maritime infrastructure across the Gulf. Fires have been reported at oil facilities in Fujairah in the UAE, drones targeted Saudi Arabia’s Shaybah oil field, and strikes reportedly hit Bahrain’s only oil refinery and damaged a desalination plant that supplies water to large parts of the country.
The attacks have also disrupted global energy markets. Iranian actions near the Strait of Hormuz—through which roughly one-fifth of the world’s oil supply passes—have sharply reduced tanker traffic.
Israeli officials say the Israel Defense Forces have destroyed more than 300 Iranian ballistic missile launchers—roughly 60% of Iran’s operational launch capacity. As a result, Iran’s missile attacks have declined sharply; according to U.S. Central Command commander Adm. Brad Cooper, ballistic missile launches are now down roughly 90% from the first day of the war.
What Are the U.S. and Israel Communicating to the Iranian People?
While the U.S. and Israel have targeted the Iranian regime’s leadership, both President Trump and Prime Minister Netanyahu have indicated that it is up to the Iranian people to change their government. In his video address, Trump called on Iranians to "take over your government" once the strikes conclude, saying "the hour of your freedom is at hand." Netanyahu said the joint operation would "create the conditions for the brave Iranian people to take their fate into their own hands."
Which Iranian Regime Leaders Have Been Killed?
The joint U.S.–Israel operation has targeted senior Iranian officials responsible for overseeing Iran’s nuclear program, ballistic missile development, support for terrorist proxies, and the regime’s repression of domestic protests.
Iranian state media, along with U.S. and Israeli officials, confirmed that Khamenei — Iran’s Supreme Leader since 1989 — was killed in strikes on Tehran. Satellite imagery shows extensive destruction at his compound following the attack, which Israeli officials said targeted a meeting of senior Iranian security leaders.
According to the Israel Defense Forces, the opening phase of the operation included coordinated strikes on several locations in Tehran where top military and regime officials had gathered.
Among the senior figures reported killed are:
- Abdolrahim Mousavi, Iran’s army chief of staff.
- Aziz Nasirzadeh, Iran’s defense minister.
- Mohammad Pakpour, head of Iran’s elite military force responsible for regional proxy operations.
- Ali Shamkhani, a senior adviser to the Supreme Leader and former secretary of Iran’s Supreme National Security Council.
- Mohammad Shirazi, head of the Supreme Leader’s military bureau.
- Hossein Jabal Amelian, head of the Organization of Defensive Innovation and Research (SPND), is linked to advanced weapons development.
- Saleh Asadi, head of the intelligence directorate of the Khatam al-Anbiya emergency command.
- Reza Mozaffari-Nia, former head of SPND and former deputy defense minister.
Israeli officials said the strikes targeted a high-level security meeting involving figures responsible for directing Iran’s strategic military programs, including missile and drone operations.
Following the death of Khamenei, Iranian authorities reportedly established a temporary leadership council — including President Masoud Pezeshkian, judiciary chief Gholamhossein Mohseni Ejei, and cleric Alireza Arafi — to oversee the transition until a new supreme leader is chosen by the Assembly of Experts. The upheaval marks the most significant leadership crisis in the Islamic Republic since the Iranian Revolution.
Who Was Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, and Why Was He a Threat to the World?
Ali Khamenei, 86, has served as Iran’s Supreme Leader since 1989, succeeding the Islamic Republic's founder, Ruhollah Khomeini. As Supreme Leader, he held ultimate authority over Iran’s military, judiciary, and key political institutions while serving as the regime’s highest religious authority. A mid-ranking cleric without the senior religious credentials of his predecessor, Iran amended its constitution to allow Khamenei’s appointment.
Under Khamenei, Iran expanded its regional power through the backing of terrorist proxy groups, including Hezbollah, Hamas, and the Houthis. The United States and several Western governments designate Iran as the world’s leading state sponsor of terrorism, while Tehran has continued advancing its nuclear program and long-range missile capabilities.
At home, Khamenei’s rule was marked by harsh repression, especially of protest movements over the years, including the 2009 Green Protests, 2022 Women, Life, and Freedom Protests, and most recently the protests in January 2026. Authorities have repeatedly imposed internet shutdowns during nationwide protests, and human rights groups report that security forces have killed tens ofthousands of demonstrators during successive crackdowns.
Khamenei has long engaged in spreading antisemitism, including Holocaust denial. His hostility toward Israel has been explicit. He called the Jewish state a “cancerous tumor” and “rabid dog,” promoted conspiracy theories about “Zionist” influence in Western politics, and circulated messaging invoking the Nazi phrase “Final Solution” in reference to Israel. For decades, opposition to Israel and the United States had been central to his rule.
Who is Mojtaba Khamenei, Iran's New Supreme Leader?
Mojtaba Khamenei, 56, has been appointed the new supreme leader of the Iranian regime following the elimination of his father, Ali Khamenei, by U.S. and Israeli forces on February 28. In 2019, the United States imposed sanctions on Mojtaba Khamenei, noting that he had been “representing the supreme leader in an official capacity despite never being elected or appointed to a government position aside from work in the office of his father.” Despite 2019 U.S. sanctions, networks linked to Iran’s supreme leader allegedly funneled billions in oil revenue through Western banks to buy over £100 million ($138 million) in luxury property in London and Dubai—assets that are now controlled by Mojtaba. Mojtaba’s close ties to Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and the regime’s hardline establishment suggest that Tehran is unlikely to moderate its regional posture in the near term.
How are Iranian-backed Terror Proxies like Hezbollah, Hamas, and the Houthis Responding?
Iran-backed Hezbollah has intensified attacks on Israel, launching rockets, missiles, and drones from southern Lebanon and triggering air raid sirens across northern Israel. On March 8, two Israel Defense Forces soldiers—Sgt. First Class Maher Khatar, 38, and Staff Sgt. Or Demry, 20—were killed when Hezbollah terrorists ambushed Israeli forces operating in southern Lebanon. May their memories be a blessing. The Iran-backed terror group, which reportedly maintains a stockpile of more than 20,000 missiles, continued shelling northern Israel throughout the day. In response, Israel has carried out extensive air and artillery strikes targeting Hezbollah weapons depots, command centers, and infrastructure in southern Lebanon and Beirut’s southern suburbs, while also conducting limited ground operations near the border aimed at dismantling Hezbollah positions and protecting Israeli communities in the north. Israeli officials report that roughly 200 Hezbollah and other militant operatives have been eliminated since the latest escalation. Rocket attacks continued into March 9, with shrapnel striking a kindergarten in the city of Ramla.
Hamas has publicly expressed support for Tehran and condemned what it described as “Zionist-American aggression” against the Islamic Republic. Hamas leaders have called for unity across the region against Israel but, so far, the group has not launched large-scale attacks in response to the current escalation. Israeli officials say Hamas’s capabilities in Gaza remain significantly degraded following months of Israeli military operations.
Unlike Hezbollah, the Houthis in Yemen have not intervened to support Iran so far in this current conflict. While the Houthis have declared solidarity with Iran and offered condolences on the killing of Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei, there has been no official pronouncements of military action.
How Did We Get Here?
For decades, the Iranian regime has pursued nuclear weapons, long-range ballistic missiles, and a global network of terrorist proxies — including Hezbollah, Hamas, Iraqi militias, and the Houthis — openly threatening Israel, destabilizing the region, and targeting the United States and countries throughout the world, including supporting Russia in its war on Ukraine through tens of thousands of suicide drones.
The 2015 Iran nuclear deal, known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), slowed parts of Iran’s nuclear program but left its missile arsenal and terror network intact, and after the U.S. withdrew from the JCPOA in 2018, Tehran accelerated its violations.
Iran also played a role in supporting Hamas’ October 7, 2023, massacre and abduction of Israelis — the deadliest day for Jews since the Holocaust — followed by direct Iranian missile and drone attacks on Israel in April and October 2024.
Diplomacy regarding the Iranian regime’s illicit nuclear weapons program collapsed in early 2025 when Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei rejected nuclear talks as Iran enriched uranium to 60% and restricted inspections by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). After the IAEA censured Tehran, the regime announced another hardened enrichment facility, with an IAEA report indicating Iran was much closer to a nuclear weapon than previously believed. In response, Israel launched Operation Rising Lion in June 2025, followed days later by U.S. strikes on Fordow, Natanz, and Isfahan. It’s important to note that in June of 2025, the U.S. asked Iran to give up its nuclear weapons program, and it refused to do so.
At the same time, Iran faced a growing internal crisis: protests spread across all 31 provinces amid economic collapse and a plunging currency, and human rights groups reported that security forces killed more than 6,000 demonstrators and arrested tens of thousands in a sweeping crackdown.
Amid a major U.S. military buildup in the Middle East, the U.S. and Iran held multiple rounds of indirect nuclear talks, mediated by Oman, toward a deal that could prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear‑weapon‑usable material. President Trump stated that he preferred a diplomatic solution but remained skeptical, insisting that “Iran cannot have nuclear weapons” and warning that military options remain if Tehran failed to accept the verifiable, long‑term elimination of its program.
Key AJC Resources on Iran’s Threats, Proxies, and Regional Influence
AJC has been tracking Iran's nuclear threat, domestic repression, and regional aggression for years. Key AJC resources for background:
Understanding the Latest Joint U.S.-Israel Operation in Iran - AJC Advocacy Anywhere
Watch American Jewish Committee's (AJC) urgent briefing with leading experts who will break down the evolving situation, assess the regional and geopolitical consequences, and provide critical insight into what to watch in the days and weeks ahead.
Analysis from AJC's Center for a New Middle East
Iran's Terror Network
- Iranian Regime’s War on America: Four Decades of Targeting U.S. Forces and Citizens
- What is Iran's IRGC?
- Hezbollah, Hamas, and More: Iran's Terror Network Around the Globe
- The Houthis, Explained
Protests and Human Rights
- Explained: What to Know About the Protests in Iran
- AJC Urges International Community to Protect Iranians
Sanctions and Diplomacy
June 2025 12-Day War
